To succeed in my Ph.D., I had to rethink my mother’s story

From ScienceMag:

I went into my Ph.D. with one goal: I would not end up like my mother. When she became pregnant with me while pursuing a mechanical engineering Ph.D., her adviser cut her funding and she was forced to leave the program. What happened was of course not her fault, and later she went on to successfully complete a Ph.D. Still, I saw it as a cautionary tale. I was determined her story would not become mine. I would make sure to find a supportive supervisor, and I would never do anything that could give the possible impression I didn’t deserve my place. I didn’t realize my focus on protecting myself could go too far—and that I’d completely misunderstood my mother’s story.

It was my mother who first inspired my interest in science. In raising my brothers and me, she developed a passion for science education. Once we were all in school, she began her new Ph.D., studying methods for teaching engineering concepts. I grew up testing out her classroom experiments, helping transcribe recordings, and ultimately attending her successful thesis defense.

For my own doctoral pursuits, I knew from my mother’s first Ph.D. experience that I would need a supervisor whose support I could rely on, even in difficult times. I turned down offers from otherwise appealing programs because of misgivings about potential advisers. I also wanted to be sure any program I joined would give me a chance to rotate through multiple labs and gain a deeper understanding of each lab head’s supervision style before choosing my ultimate Ph.D. adviser.

Despite my precautions I could not quiet the nagging worry that any vulnerability I showed could be used against me. If a pregnancy cost my mother her adviser’s support, why not a failed experiment, or an illness? As I went through my lab rotations, I was guarded and cautious. Rather than ask for help, I chose to figure things out myself, even if it took me much longer. When well-meaning colleagues offered constructive feedback on my work during lab meetings, I felt myself become defensive, seeking to validate that I was “on track.” I evaded meetings with my rotation advisers, dreading that they’d tell me they were dissatisfied with my progress.

This pattern came to a head when I found myself struggling to understand a paper I was to present for a journal club. Instead of either choosing a different paper or seeking help, I froze. When the moment came to give my presentation, I claimed I’d been too busy to prepare. What I intended as a face-saving excuse was received as disrespect, and the professor told me I was his worst student ever.

I feared I was repeating my mother’s story—my academic journey ending because of a single deviation. But as the shock wore off, I recognized uncomfortably that my defensiveness had contributed to the outcome. Instead of protecting me, the walls I’d built were getting in the way of the very things I had come to graduate school to do: learn and grow, with guidance from my mentors.

I also realized I had misinterpreted my mother’s story all along. She had started her Ph.D. halfway around the world, far from her support system, and after her setback, she restarted in a new field and persisted to earn her degree. She chose bravery over caution in order to achieve her goals. The lesson was not to guard against every risk, but to press forward anyway, even when it meant being vulnerable.

From that point on, I tried to do the same. When my rotation period wrapped up, I chose a supervisor who had been open and kind. I still carried the fear that anything personal I revealed could somehow be used to undermine me. But as I settled into the lab, I slowly let my guard down. During one meeting with my adviser, I brought up my mother. He in turn opened up about his mother, whose schooling had been interrupted as a child. Because of her experience, she had become a fierce advocate for my adviser’s education and his brothers’, the same way my mother had always been for me. Now, as my graduation date nears, instead of treating my mother’s story as a cautionary tale, I aim to be exactly like her.

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A fun way for scientists to reach out—as a pen pal

From ScienceMag:

Experimental Error logo
Experimental Error is a column about the quirky, comical, and sometimes bizarre world of scientific training and careers, written by scientist and comedian Adam Ruben. Barmaleeva/Shutterstock, adapted by C. Aycock/Science

I’m a huge fan of scientific outreach. I feel like part of my duty as a scientist is to interact with the public as much as possible to help demystify and humanize science, especially in a time when science needs all the help it can get.

So, when I learned about Letters to a Pre-Scientist (LPS), I knew right away it was something I wanted to try. The program pairs each scientist with a middle school pen pal. Scientists are encouraged to write something fun and interesting, and according to the LPS website, the students have a blast opening their letters together.

I hadn’t had a physical-letter pen pal since I was 9 years old and some kind of service matched me up with a boy in Melbourne, Australia. He and I exchanged letters for about a year. The only parts of that correspondence I remember are his use of the word “lollies” and my probably confusing hand-drawn map of Delaware. But this time, I was sure, would be more impactful.

I begin with the mandatory online training sessions. For example, the students will get to see a one-sentence description of your work before sending their first letter. The training helps you write that sentence—and then learn why what you wrote would baffle and dismay the students, then walk you through the editing process. At the end, my sentence reads, “I help keep people healthy by making sure the blood and urine tests they might get at the doctor’s office work well.” I give myself full marks for keeping it comprehensible, but a failing grade at being the kind of scientists who can truthfully write something more exciting, such as, “I study the effects of radiation on chimps in flight simulators!” (Note that this is not what another scientist wrote. This is the plot of the 1987 film Project X starring Matthew Broderick and Helen Hunt.)

There’s a lot more guidance, too, which one might imagine is a good idea when matching children with adult strangers. Most of it is straightforward and expected: Do not ask for their home address, do not contact them outside of this program, never feed them after midnight. Other recommendations come from the LPS team’s years of experience supporting these interactions. Your letter should be understandable; photos, doodles, and little freebies such as stickers are encouraged. Avoid sending lab data or a manuscript preprint. Each of your four letters has its own deadline and theme, such as writing about your career path or how you overcame challenges. This lets the kids compare similar responses from their scientists, with the side benefit of giving you some direction when you’re staring at a blank page and thinking, “Uh … what do I even say to a middle schooler? Something with the word ‘rizz’? Is ‘six seven’ still funny?”

After all of this preparation, it’s disappointing when LPS fails to assign me a pen pal. Apparently this year the number of interested scientists exceeded the number of available students—both a bad problem and a good problem for the program to have—and we didn’t all make the cut.

But then, in January, it happens. A seventh grade teacher in Santa Ana, California, who has participated in the program in the past returns from maternity leave and wants her students to join, giving some of us an opportunity for an abbreviated correspondence: two letters instead of four, but we’ll get our pen pals after all.

During an introductory Zoom call, the teacher explains that her students generally come from disadvantaged backgrounds, with many living in multifamily units and some without homes. They love receiving letters from their scientists, she says. We should be role models, we should help them feel confident, and one time a scientist included glitter in their letter, and that was cool. No pressure. And, she begs, if you handwrite your letter, “please never cursive.”

I feel excited when my pen pal’s first letter arrives. She sounds fun. She wants to be a nurse, and she likes soccer and escape rooms! She asks whether I ever get disgusted doing my job, and I admit that I do, but I think everyone does. She asks whether I went to college, and I say yes, though I deliberately gloss over “and also 7 years of grad school,” because why scare her off now?

I work on my letter for a long time, going back and forth about a photo to include. After considering what kind of picture might fulfill all of the criteria—interesting, something she’d like to see, no personal info, no graphs—I say screw it and go with a classic cat pic. “I also have two cats,” I write. “Their names are Coconut (on the right) and Muesli (on the left). They’re brothers.”

Am I writing this insultingly simplistically? Or am I overthinking it, because cute cats are cute cats?

After I describe my science work and close with a few questions for her about pets, siblings, and the weather in Santa Ana, I print the letter, then toss in a few animal stickers that my son received on Valentine’s Day and that he probably won’t miss. Why not?

Her next letter arrives a few weeks later. I learn that she likes disc golf, and that she has two pets, though one of them lives in her house but the other is in heaven. I decide not to ask any more about pets.

I tell her how I became a scientist, how I failed an important exam once in college, and how I learned to dissect mosquitoes. I really don’t know what to say. But just in case, I add one more cat photo, of Coconut wearing a hat my daughter crocheted. Science!

I finish with three more questions for her, though after I mail the letter I realize this was my last one—LPS is over for the year, and I don’t think we’re exchanging another round of letters. I will never know her favorite ice cream flavor.

I’ll also never know whether my letters make any difference to her career path, or whether she ends up becoming a nurse. But the whole process reminded me how easily we can influence the next generation of scientists through something as simple as a few letters. There’s something deeply intentional about a physical letter that just can’t be replicated any other way. I realized as I was writing this that the Melbournian wasn’t my only pen pal—in sixth grade, our teacher arranged for us to exchange letters with active-duty soldiers in the Gulf War. The letter I received didn’t make me pursue a career in the military, but I remember the special feeling that an adult, busy doing Important Adult Things halfway across the world, took the time to write to me. Thirty-five years later, I still have the letter in my desk.

As the LPS website explains the point of the organization, “Talent and potential are equally distributed in society, but opportunity is not.” That’s why I sent a Letter to a Pre-Scientist, and that’s why I’m looking forward to hopefully doing it again next year. If there’s a middle schooler I can reach with a bit of writing, one more positive association with science I can cast out into the world, I want to do that.

And just like the internet, I have no shortage of cat photos.

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I may not ‘look like’ a professor, but now I know I belong

From ScienceMag:

Minutes before my very first lecture to first-year undergraduates, I stood outside a locked lecture hall fumbling with my bag, trying to get in and set up before the students arrived. A passing staff member reassured me: “Don’t worry, you aren’t late. The professor will be here soon to set up the room.” Those words confirmed my worst fear: I did not look the part. Doing my best to keep a level voice, I replied, “I am the professor, could you please help me open the door?” This wasn’t the first time in my career I have been assumed to be less than what I am. But it was a pivotal moment, and it forced me to confront a question I had been avoiding: Why did I keep feeling I had to prove I belonged?

As a petite, 34-year-old Indian woman working at a U.K. university, I do not fit the usual archetype of authority. I am frequently mistaken for an undergraduate, a research assistant, or a Ph.D. student. At times, students or university security have simply called me “Miss.” Outside academia, I am fast approaching what is commonly labeled “advanced maternal age.” Inside it, I am treated as too young to possibly be an assistant professor.

For those of us women from the Global South who manage to gain a foothold in Western academia, getting there is only half the battle. Once there, we face barriers that are hard to name. Like many researchers, I negotiate insecurities about research outputs, teaching style, and contributions to my institution and the broader academic community. But I also spend energy proving I belong, energy others get to spend on the science itself.

In my first year, I said yes to extra lectures beyond my allocated workload because I believed doing more was the only way to justify being there. Somewhere along the way, I stopped waiting for others to underestimate me. I started to do it myself. I found myself constantly questioning my own legitimacy and calculating how much of myself I really could bring into the lecture hall, into meetings with students or new collaborators, or even to projects I lead.

When a late-arriving student at an orientation meeting asked, “Sorry, who are you exactly? Are you a Ph.D. student or something?” I was compelled to list my credentials (degrees across India, the United States, and the United Kingdom, and more than a decade of study), as if they could shield me from the assumptions already in the room. Although they seemed to silence the students’ doubts, they didn’t stop those in my own mind.

Now, approaching the end of my second year as an assistant professor, I have realized something unexpected: The real work is not convincing myself I belong, as though this were a confidence problem I could fix with enough willpower. Instead, the challenge is rewiring my own perspectives and my responses to the subtle and persistent messages telling me I’m not what a professor looks like. That includes unlearning my own reflexive responses to those messages, such as apologizing for my own presence, or preemptively using self-deprecating humor.

This takes a lot of vigilance. I have to keep reminding myself that belonging doesn’t need to be constantly earned. When in a recent administrative meeting someone asked whether I was a part-time staff member, I felt for an instant the familiar pull to justify or even apologize. But I caught myself before I acted on it. I said I was faculty and moved on.

Small gestures carry me forward. I keep a note of gratitude from a third-year student on my bedside table. The student wrote that they had not realized how powerful it was to have a mentor who looked like them. I now understand that my presence is not about my journey alone. It is about holding the door open for others.

When a senior colleague nominated me for a teaching excellence award last summer, my first instinct was that there must be some mistake. I am still fighting that reflex, but I am slowly making progress. Now, instead of rushing to justify my presence at the beginning of a lecture, I just set up my computer, look out at my students, and begin. Halfway through this year’s course, two students walked up to me and told me they loved my lectures. I thanked them, and this time, I let myself believe them.

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How a lab accident changed my approach to science

From ScienceMag:

I had just wrapped up my experiments for the day and taken off my lab coat when upsetting news popped up on my phone: A lab explosion at a university in China had killed one student and injured three. I felt awful for the people involved and their families—and I couldn’t avoid painful memories. Years earlier, I had caused a lab accident myself while I was a master’s student in China. I was lucky I didn’t kill someone. It haunts me to this day.

Back then, I was always in a hurry. I wanted to get results fast, publish papers, and outperform my peers. I took on as many projects as I could, aiming to impress my supervisor and earn a strong recommendation letter. Speed and output felt like the only way to get into a top North American Ph.D. program. I rushed through lab work, too—causing an accident that forever changed my attitude and approach to research.

It happened on a Sunday night. I was running a reaction, trying to gather data for a lab meeting presentation the next day. I had run the protocol, which involved a high-pressure reactor, so many times I barely paid attention. Waiting for the reactor to cool completely before opening it was standard practice, but I considered it a waste of time. So, I forced it open long before it had cooled down.

Acidic liquid shot out. It hit a senior lab mate, who was working on her own experiment just a few meters away. The scalding liquid burned her neck and collarbone. She gave a shocked yelp, and clamped a hand to the wound. I stood there, frozen, the reactor valve still in my hand.

We rushed her to the campus clinic. The nurse cleaned the burn carefully and applied a thick ointment. She told us the scar would fade with time, but it might never fully disappear. I apologized over and over, my words shaky and meaningless. My lab mate just nodded, quiet and pale, and I knew I had broken more than a lab protocol. I had also broken her trust.

That night, I couldn’t sleep. I replayed the moment over and over—the stupid decision to skip the cooling time, the hiss of the liquid, her cry of pain. Guilt overwhelmed me. I’d messed up experiments before—ruining data or breaking glassware—but this was different. I hadn’t just ruined work. I’d hurt a person, a colleague who’d helped me learn the ropes of the lab, who’d never hesitated to answer my questions.

In the days after, I couldn’t bring myself to step foot in the lab. I asked my supervisor for a week off, and spent those days alone with my guilt and regret. Ashamed that I had valued speed over the safety of the people around me, I thought about quitting lab work.

When I returned to campus, my supervisor called me into her office. She made it clear I needed to strictly follow protocols for any hazardous experiments.

From then on, I made a point to stop rushing. I read every protocol at least twice. I set timers for cooling and wait times, and I let them run to the very end, even if it meant missing a deadline. I checked every valve, every seal, every setting. Safety wasn’t just a list on the wall anymore. It was a promise, to my supervisor, to my lab mates, to myself.

Slowing down was essential from a safety perspective. But I found it changed my science, too. For the first time, I was fully present in the lab and focused on the work, not just the finish line. I started to catch small errors I might not have noticed otherwise. For instance, before the accident I had made a careless calculation that led me to use the wrong reagent ratio when synthesizing a key catalyst. Unaware of the mistake, I used this flawed catalyst for an entire month, generating unreliable data. Only after the accident, when I slowed down and began to pay full attention to every detail, did I finally notice and correct the error.

I am now a Ph.D. student in Canada, and this slow, careful rhythm has stayed with me. I still set the timer and let it run, check every step twice, pause, and breathe. As I have learned: Science is not only about data, results, and speed. It is about care, responsibility, and respect for the people beside us.

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Wikipedia’s gender gap has flipped for one group of scientists

From ScienceMag:

Women have long been underrepresented in science—and on Wikipedia. But one corner of academia may have quietly reversed part of that trend. Among biology faculty at top U.S. research universities, women are now more likely than men to have Wikipedia biographies, according to a paper published today in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The latest data likely reflect, at least in part, the work of organized editing campaigns aiming to include more women on the website.

“It definitely speaks to all of the amazing crowdsourcing and outreach that’s come out of our community around the gender gap,” says Kelly Doyle Kim, who studies Wikipedia’s gender gap at the Wiki Education Foundation and was not involved with the work. She says she was surprised by the findings, particularly because previous studies in other STEM fields found women academics were less likely to appear on Wikipedia than men with similar publication records.

The study authors were also surprised. “I thought that women were going to be underrepresented,” says David Alvarez-Ponce, an evolutionary genomicist at the University of Nevada, Reno and co-author of the study. “But it turns out that we found the opposite.”

Alvarez-Ponce and his colleague embarked on the study after seeing the news 2 years ago that women had finally reached 20% of biography subjects on the English-language Wikipedia, a number editors and volunteers had spent years trying to raise. The scientists wondered whether the statistic held true for women in their field, too. They manually searched for Wikipedia entries for all 5825 tenure-track and tenured faculty who were affiliated with biology departments at 146 universities as of 2024, collecting data including page length, number of edits, and annual page views. The gender of the faculty members was surmised using listed pronouns or photographs.

The team found that 9.4% of women in the data set had Wikipedia biographies, compared with 7.5% of men. The gap widened among more senior faculty—women who are full professors were almost 7% more likely than men who are full professors to appear on the site.

These trends are recent, though. By analyzing when the Wikipedia pages were created, the team found that men biologists were more likely to have biographies until 2018. Between 2019 and 2021, women and men had similar chances. Then, in 2022 the pattern reversed and women were more likely to have a Wikipedia page than men.

The researchers suspect that organized editing campaigns likely helped drive the shift. Nearly half of the women’s biographies created since 2015 were written by editors affiliated with Women in Red, a volunteer effort aimed at addressing Wikipedia’s gender imbalance.

The new study also found that women’s biographies tended to be longer than men’s, even after normalizing for publication output and career stage. But women’s pages were viewed and edited at similar rates to men’s pages once those factors were taken into account.

The findings don’t mean broader inequities in academia have been solved, Alvarez-Ponce cautions. Women remain underrepresented in senior STEM positions and often face barriers in funding, recognition, and promotion. Plus, these results for the field of biology may not extend to other disciplines.

Still, he says, “Wikipedia is a very important source of information for many people across the world, especially young people. It’s a way in which people can be exposed to role models.” For researchers interested in representation, he adds, the platform offers something rare: a massive, publicly accessible record of whom society chooses to document and whom it overlooks.

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I felt confined by my disciplinary training. Making art freed my scientific ideas

From ScienceMag:

I sat on a park bench, watercolor palette and sketchbook in hand. I built up the layers of my painting slowly, capturing the bustling street scenes around me. A wash of cerulean for the sky. A mix of burnt sienna and buff titanium to frame the outlines of the New York City skyline. I moved my brush by instinct, based on whatever inspiration struck me in the moment. I took up sketching during the COVID-19 pandemic and have no formal training in art. So I have no preconceived notions about what my art should look like or how I should be doing it. It’s the opposite of the attitude I had once brought to my scientific research. But I am now thinking about science differently. Making art has inspired me to approach research on my own terms, freeing me from the invisible constraints of my disciplinary training and my assumed role in academia. I am now forging a more creative path.

Several years before the pandemic hit, I started a faculty job in a medical school where I was expected to use my Ph.D. training in biostatistics to analyze health-related data sets. I was told it would be nice to get my own grant funding, but not necessary. I could work as a co-investigator to support other investigators’ grants. I did not have to set the research agenda or generate hypotheses; physicians and epidemiologists would come up with important scientific questions, and I would provide statistical support to help carry out the research.

This role appealed to me. I saw it as a way to work on my passion, biomedical research, without shouldering the stress of continually writing grants. It also fit with my Ph.D. training. My peers and I were regularly given data sets to analyze. We weren’t trained as biomedical hypothesis generators. Our task was to develop the best statistical model we could for the data at hand, to answer a predefined question.

As a faculty member, I initially relished being able to jump around to different projects in environmental health, dementia, substance use disorders, and chronic disease research. However, over time I began to feel constrained. It was as though I was doing science through a secondary filter, through the interpretative lens of another researcher.

Around that time I took up urban sketching as a hobby. In my art, I wasn’t following someone else’s lead or molding myself to someone else’s discipline. I chose what to depict, sketching on location to examine the scene from a mix of vantage points and letting the emotions wash over me. That creative process gave me a lot of joy. I began to wonder whether I could approach my science this way, too, developing my own research projects from the ground up, based on the questions and hypotheses that most grabbed me as a researcher.

I had doubts about whether I could generate ideas myself and get proposals funded as the lead principal investigator. Would my dabbling across many biomedical fields be a hindrance to winning grants? Would reviewers think I lacked focus or the right expertise to lead a project?

I decided to give it a try anyway. It has been exciting to thread my own ideas together and come up with a project that feels my own. The effort has paid off: I recently got my first major research grant funded through the U.S. National Institutes of Health, a milestone that has boosted my confidence to continue to pursue my own ideas. Putting the proposal together also helped me see that there is value to my broad research background. By dabbling across fields, I have developed a unique view and am able to combine different fields using my own creative lens.

Before making art, I was mentally tied to a narrower perspective: the idea that “this is my scientific training, and this is how I am supposed to use that training to solve scientific problems”—a box I was not even aware of being inside. By breaking out of that box, I found a new joy in research.

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Microbiologist wins Georgia primary for U.S. House seat

From ScienceMag:

Only a handful of members of Congress have doctoral-level scientific training, and even fewer highlight those academic credentials on the campaign trail. But that’s what Jasmine Clark did in winning a Democratic primary election yesterday in Georgia—all but ensuring that, in January 2027, she will become the first Black woman with a science Ph.D. to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.

“The majority of her ads showed her in a lab coat and described her as a scientist,” says Emory University microbiologist Eric Hunter, her former Ph.D. adviser. “That approach could have backfired, but instead it resonated with voters.”

Clark, 43, who earned her microbiology degree in 2013 from Emory, is no stranger to taking political risks. In June 2025, while serving her fourth, 2-year term as a member of the Georgia state legislature, she decided to challenge longtime U.S. Representative David Scott (D), a revered figure in his heavily Democratic metro Atlanta district. In announcing her candidacy, she promised to be “a voice for science and truth in the face of Republican disinformation.”

Along with a war chest that far exceeded Scott’s and a crowded field of newcomers, Clark’s campaign benefited from Scott’s death on 22 April at the age of 80. Yesterday, with Scott’s name still on the ballot, she garnered 56% of the vote against her five remaining opponents.

“She was a bright, smart woman who was excited about science,” recalls Hunter about Clark, who joined his lab in 2007 after doing a first-year rotation in the school’s microbiology department. Although she did well, Clark recalls, “she was upfront about not seeing herself pursuing a career as a researcher. Instead, she said she wanted to share her knowledge with others and become a health educator.” She’s done that since 2014 as an instructor at Emory’s nursing school, teaching anatomy and microbiology to students hoping to enter the program.

Her own political education began when she headed up the Atlanta chapter of the nationwide March for Science in April 2017 to protest the policies of the then–newly elected President Donald Trump. Drawing on the concentration of research institutions in and around Atlanta, Clark assumed a role that “propelled me into a whole new space,” she told The Emory Wheel, the university’s student newspaper. In November 2018, she defeated a Republican incumbent to win a seat in Georgia’s state legislature.

“I have a Ph.D. in microbiology, which makes me very different from my colleagues at the statehouse,” she told an Atlanta radio station shortly before this year’s primary election. “And I’ve been using my scientific background to fight for policies that make sense for Georgia.”

She hopes to do the same at a national level when she gets to Washington, D.C., she added. “What RFK Jr. [Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.] has been doing is very concerning to me. So I’m running to protect our public health system.”

Although she must win the general election in November, the odds are heavily in her favor. Clark faces Republican Jonathan Chavez, who lost to Scott in 2024 by almost 45 percentage points. Failed Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris won the district by a similar margin in 2024, as did Democratic Senator Raphael Warnock in 2022.

Her ability to influence national policy will be shaped by whether Democrats regain control of the House in November. But whatever the outcome of that election, Hunter thinks Clark is well-equipped to do battle with the Trump administration and congressional Republicans.

“This is a person who’s served in a Republican-dominated [Georgia] House and is well aware of what she’ll be getting into,” he notes. “Somebody has to be a voice of clarity and authority on science in Congress, and she’s quite dynamic.”

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Early-career researchers want empathy from their supervisors

From ScienceMag:

It’s no secret that academic mentors are a common topic of conversation—and source of complaints—among early-career researchers (ECRs). With the power to sway careers, mentors can be a force for good, fostering a supportive environment that gives budding researchers room to grow. They can also be a source of stress, friction, and sometimes outright abuse.

In a preprint posted to bioRxiv this month, a group of ECRs sought to give voice to those whisperings, sharing what 2600 Ph.D. students, postdocs, and other ECRs in 65 countries say are supervisory practices they have experienced that have helped—and hurt. The team of four former Ph.D. students at the University of the Basque Country—Xabier Simón Martínez-Goñi, Agustín Marín-Peña, Mario Corrochano-Monsalve, and Adrián Bozal-Leorri—found that the top three complaints among respondents were that supervisors used dismissive or disrespectful communication, provided little or no feedback on performance, and ignored team members’ personal lives and well-being. A minority of researchers also had more serious complaints, such as verbal threats and sexual harassment.

One key way supervisors can provide support, according to the survey, is through meetings. The vast majority of ECRs found meetings to be important and useful—and only 7% of respondents thought they met too often with their supervisor. Meetings “serve as a key space for involving ECRs in research related decisions, reinforcing their sense of collaboration, shared responsibility and professional growth,” the team writes.

Science spoke with Martínez-Goñi—currently a postdoc at the University of Essex—about the survey and what it says about mentorship in academia. This interview has been edited for clarity and length.

Q: What’s the origin story of this paper?

A: The four of us co-authors met as students at the University of the Basque Country in the same department. During our Ph.D. journeys, we witnessed a wide variety of supervisory experiences and we realized that how supervisors mentor their Ph.D. students, postdocs, and other researchers has a huge impact, not only on their mental health, but also in how their careers are shaped. Most papers we could find at the time discussing good supervisory practices were written from the supervisor’s perspective. We wondered, “What would early-career researchers think about what traits make an ideal supervisor?” At some point we decided we should do a survey—ask people how they feel.

Q: Did you go into the study with a vision for the ideal supervisor?

A: I don’t think we had the image of an ideal supervisor. We clearly knew what we wouldn’t do as a supervisor, like mistreat people. But on the other side, I don’t think we had a specific idea in mind.

Q: What did you find?

A: The main results can be simplified into one word, which is empathy. If a supervisor is empathetic, this supervisor will understand personal situations of the early-career researchers in their group. They will understand that they have to be supportive, not treat people like production units of papers, but instead like colleagues who are at a different stage of their career. This shouldn’t be shocking. But it seems like sometimes we need to remind people that they need to be empathetic towards those working in their groups.

Q: What does that look like in practice? Are there specific ways supervisors can show empathy?

A: The results of this survey should not be taken like “this has to be done”—because each researcher is different, each situation is different, and that should be taken into account. But I would say that some of the traits that were most valued involved having a supportive supervisor, rather than a boss. Someone who understands the difference—who doesn’t just demand things, but has regular meetings and open discussions about workloads and personal situations, and is flexible about working pace and not fixed to working a specific way. Someone who gives advice, not only based on what the supervisor wants, but also what the early-career researcher needs.

Q: Graduate school is an interesting situation, because it’s an educational setting, and it’s also a workplace. How does that play into the idea of not wanting to have a boss?

A: As we understand it, there are countries that treat graduate students more like students, and there are countries that treat them more like workers. So that could affect how this boss-supervisor thing could work. But in our case, I would say that when talking about having a supervisor rather than a boss, we’re talking about having someone who understands that no matter if you’re a student or you’re a worker, you’re also a colleague that’s in the process of learning.

Q: At Science, we publish personal essays written by scientists. Last week’s essay was by a faculty member who wrote about his journey to figure out the best mentorship approach. Initially, he went into it thinking that when trainees came to him, he should have all the answers. Eventually he came to realize that if he took a step back and provided the structure for trainees to figure out the answers themselves, that that was a better approach. Do you have any thoughts on that?

A: I completely agree. As a supervisor, you are there to provide the platform for early-career researchers to advance, and you’re also there to mentor them. There may be people who require more attention in a specific area, but there may be people who do not, who are fine with having their own structures and are more independent. Each person is different, which means that what works for certain people or researchers may not work for other researchers, and that’s completely fine. Also, it can depend on the stage you’re at. Maybe your first year of a Ph.D. you need more guidance, more help to get settled. But then, as a more senior person, you may not need as much involvement. It’s a matter of understanding what the demands or requirements are for each one of the people in your team or in your group, and trying to meet those requirements.

Q: In the preprint you and your co-authors mention that many challenges only become visible once researchers are inside academic structures. I’m wondering whether you could go back to what you knew before entering grad school. Were you aware how important finding the right supervisor would be?

A: Not really. I’m happy in my personal case. My Ph.D. supervisor was great. But I think it’s important to be aware of mentoring when selecting a supervisor. You talk with people from different stages, different departments, different institutions, and you hear stories or see people that are struggling with supervisors. Sometimes it could be misunderstandings. This happens. But sometimes this could be because of inadequate mentoring.

Q: Do you have examples?

A: It could be a supervisor demanding people not take annual leave or breaks, like Christmas periods, just to stay working. People demanding that early-career researchers meet unrealistic deadlines, so they have to stay and work a lot of hours to meet those deadlines, unless they want to get fired or removed from their program. These power imbalances exist, and we believe that the well-being of early-career researchers should not rely on the goodwill of a PI [principal investigator] or supervisor—that there should be structures to ensure that this kind of abusive situations do not happen.

Q: Do you have recommendations for what institutions can do?

A: We came up with this idea of mentorship metrics. So for example, it could be an anonymous survey that could evaluate how a supervisor is treating or mentoring early-career researchers, to be evaluated by an external entity—such as a national funding agency, a research council, or an independent accreditation body. It could ask, “How did you feel with your supervisor? Do you feel there are things to improve?”

And then have some kind of actual implications for the findings to incentivize good supervisory behaviors, whether it is with increasing salaries, getting more specific funding, some kind of awards. And, on the other hand, also to take accountability when the supervisors are not doing well. It could be having some kind of courses on how to mentor. If it’s something that is recurring, maybe not allowing this person to supervise researchers for a specific span of time.

Q: I can imagine that that kind of feedback could be really helpful to ERCs and institutions, if it’s kept confidential. It could be a little tricky if someone has a small lab, like two people or something.

A: True. But you know what, even if there’s a single person or two people in the lab, then there should be ways for them to express how things are working. I think there should be mechanisms to protect these people and ensure that they can express themselves freely. For instance, institutions could aggregate data over a 3- to 5-year window or combine data from multiple small labs within the same department, so individual responses cannot be traced back to a specific group of people.

Q: What advice would you give to potential grad students weighing where to do their Ph.D.?

A: My main advice when people ask is usually that they look for a nice person, a nice supervisor, rather than focusing on the research line that they love. Because I feel that if you are happy in the working environment, you will end up liking what you’re doing. Particularly when you’re doing a Ph.D., considering the power dynamics at work between the supervisor and the student, I think it’s important to be happy and have a nice person as a supervisor. Find someone who you feel is a good person. Because you will be attached to that person for years. It’s a huge part of your life. And as a Ph.D. student, it’s not as easy as other jobs to quit and look elsewhere.

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¿Este científico fue demasiado lejos en su intento por salvar la vida silvestre de Ecuador?

From ScienceMag:

A finales de 2024, los filántropos interesados en la conservación de la vida silvestre recibieron una propuesta intrigante: donar a un nuevo fondo que daría pequeñas becas a jóvenes investigadores en busca de nuevas especies de animales tropicales, y a cambio, ayudar a nombrarlas. El Arteaga Species Discovery Fund fue creación de Alejandro Arteaga, un herpetólogo en Ecuador decidido a impulsar la conservación tropical acelerando los esfuerzos por documentar la biodiversidad. “Es poco probable que logremos salvar especies si ni siquiera sabemos que existen”, escribió Arteaga en un sitio web que promocionaba el fondo.

Involucrar a patrocinadores en el nombramiento de descubrimientos científicos no era algo nuevo; desde hace tiempo, los científicos han honrado a sus benefactores poniendo sus nombres a plantas, animales e incluso estrellas recién descritas, o permitiéndoles elegir un nombre. El propio Arteaga había bautizado nuevas especies en honor a figuras prominentes que apoyaban su trabajo, entre ellas el actor Leonardo DiCaprio y el líder islámico Shah Rahim al-Hussaini (también conocido como Aga Khan V). Pero la propuesta de financiamiento de Arteaga desató una reacción negativa entre otros herpetólogos. Algunos llevaban ya años criticando este tipo de esquemas de “paga por participar”, temiendo que incentivaran a los investigadores a dejar de lado el rigor científico con tal de publicar descubrimientos capaces de atraer atención y donaciones. Otros comenzaron a preguntarse si los posibles donantes conocían la controversial reputación de Arteaga.

Durante la última década, el carismático investigador de 34 años se ha convertido en una figura prominente de la herpetología sudamericana, conocido por publicar descripciones de decenas de nuevas especies de serpientes, lagartijas y ranas, así como algunas de las guías de herpetología más importantes de Ecuador, ilustradas con sus vívidas fotografías. Ha recibido premios prestigiosos, acaparado titulares internacionales y reunido decenas de miles de seguidores en redes sociales. Además, se ha dedicado a conseguir financiamiento para expandir áreas de conservación, incluidas las reservas ecológicas Arlequín y Pitala en Ecuador.

Pero Arteaga también ha enfrentado acusaciones de mala conducta científica, ha sido vetado de algunas de las principales colecciones y reservas de Ecuador, y se ha distanciado de profesores y colegas que alguna vez lo apoyaron. Sus detractores además sostienen que, al publicar descripciones de nuevas especies cuya validez es cuestionada, ha inflado artificialmente el número de especies, lo que potencialmente podría provocar que escasos fondos de conservación se desperdicien en organismos que apenas necesitan protección e incluso complicar los esfuerzos por desarrollar antídotos capaces de salvar vidas frente a mordeduras de serpientes venenosas.

La controversia que rodea a Arteaga ha puesto en evidencia las tensiones que atraviesan a la herpetología tropical, un campo con escaso financiamiento que atrae tanto el interés científico más riguroso como legiones de coleccionistas, fotógrafos y fanáticos de la vida silvestre. La tentación de exagerar descubrimientos y apelar al entusiasmo de los donantes puede ser abrumadora, dicen los investigadores. “Sé que es difícil conseguir financiamiento”, dice Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, biólogo de la organización mexicana de conservación Herp.mx. Pero las prácticas de Arteaga “abren una puerta muy peligrosa [porque] incentivan a la gente a describir cualquier cosa con tal de obtener recursos”.

Arteaga reconoce que ha cometido errores en su afán por describir y defender la naturaleza. Pero también sostiene que sus métodos son una respuesta necesaria al estado de la comunidad científica ecuatoriana, que él describe como estancada, rígida y dominada por el amiguismo. Además, los acusa de no estar respondiendo a una crisis ambiental y científica cada vez más urgente en una de las regiones más biodiversas del mundo. La taxonomía “está al borde de la extinción” en Sudamérica, dice, justo cuando más se necesita.

El carisma de Arteaga se vuelve evidente mientras conversa. Recientemente, en una videollamada, hablaba en voz baja y pausada mientras descansaba en el patio de su casa de madera, en lo profundo del bosque ecuatoriano. Su mirada suave y su manera serena de hablar inspiraban confianza. Pero el ambiente cambiaba cuando alguna pregunta lo incomodaba. Entonces comenzaba a medir cada frase con cuidado, como si la pusiera a prueba antes de dejarla salir de su boca.

Nacido en Venezuela, Arteaga vivió sus primeros años en Mérida, en las montañas del occidente del país, donde pasaba horas explorando los frondosos bosques nublados. Hijo de un fotógrafo y una pintora, rápidamente desarrolló su sensibilidad artística. A los 15 años, después de recibir su primera cámara, algunos conservacionistas amigos de su familia comenzaron a invitarlo a expediciones de campo para fotografiar vida silvestre. Más tarde, su familia se mudó a Ecuador, donde, a los 17 años, dejó su primera huella en la taxonomía al descubrir una nueva especie de rana. Llevó el espécimen al museo de zoología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, donde después ingresaría como estudiante de licenciatura.

Para entonces, dice Arteaga, ya sabía que quería convertirse en herpetólogo y taxónomo. Ya había comenzado a trabajar en la publicación de la descripción formal de la rana que encontró, a la que llamó Pristimantis bambu en honor al bosque de bambú donde vivía. Añadir un nuevo organismo al árbol de la vida, dice, le produjo una profunda satisfacción. “Es lindo poder trascender de alguna manera y darte cuenta de que dejaste una huella, aunque sea breve, pero que queda ahí”.

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Es poco probable que logremos salvar especies si ni siquiera sabemos que existen.
  • Alejandro Arteaga

Las habilidades del joven investigador impresionaron a Omar Torres-Carvajal, curador de herpetología de la PUCE. “Vi en él a un estudiante talentoso, con potencial para llegar lejos”, recuerda. Pero el entusiasmo de Arteaga pronto lo llevó a cometer su primer tropiezo. Una tarde de 2011, Torres-Carvajal se enteró por personal del museo de que el estudiante había violado una regla fundamental al revisar sin autorización especímenes de la colección de herpetología, la más grande de Ecuador. Arteaga explicó que estaba reuniendo información para una guía de campo que esperaba escribir. Sin embargo, el personal consideró la falta especialmente grave porque los especímenes, muchos de ellos irremplazables, podrían dañarse o incluso perderse. Finalmente, decidieron prohibirle el acceso a la colección.

La prohibición “dolió profundamente”, recuerda Arteaga. Aún así, terminó su licenciatura en la PUCE y pudo continuar trabajando en la guía de campo tras obtener acceso a otras dos importantes colecciones de herpetología en Ecuador. En 2013 publicó The Amphibians and Reptiles of Mindo: Life in the Cloudforest. El libro, que incluye fotografías de 48 especies registradas en Ecuador, hoy es considerado un clásico dentro del campo.

Viéndolo en retrospectiva, investigadores que han trabajado con Arteaga dicen que aquel incidente en el museo anticipó dos rasgos que desde entonces han marcado su carrera: un impulso incansable por compartir su pasión por la herpetología y una tendencia a transgredir reglas científicas y normas éticas en nombre de la conservación. Ambas características han colocado repetidamente a Arteaga en el centro de la controversia.

En 2020, por ejemplo, Arteaga terminó vetado de varias reservas ecológicas en Ecuador. Seis años antes había cofundado Tropical Herping, una empresa de ecoturismo que buscaba apoyar la conservación permitiendo que entusiastas de la herpetología de distintas partes del mundo acompañaran a investigadores en expediciones de campo para fotografiar vida silvestre y buscar nuevas especies. La empresa prosperó después de que sus impactantes fotografías y descubrimientos comenzaron a aparecer en medios de alto perfil como National Geographic. Además de apoyar a un equipo de fotógrafos, organizaban expediciones por Sudamérica, así como en Madagascar y Sri Lanka.

Pero la empresa entró en conflicto con la Fundación Ecominga, una organización sin fines de lucro que administra las reservas ecológicas. En una carta enviada a Tropical Herping en diciembre de 2020, la fundación informó que prohibiría el ingreso de la empresa a sus propiedades porque su personal había entrado a reservas sin las autorizaciones requeridas y se había negado a “trabajar de manera respetuosa y cooperativa” con los guardaparques y científicos de Ecominga.

Mientras Tropical Herping lidiaba con las consecuencias de esa ruptura, la empresa quedó envuelta en una segunda controversia después de que Paul Bertner, un fotógrafo de vida silvestre que había participado en una expedición, acusara al personal de maltratar animales. En su sitio web, Bertner escribió que los herpetólogos guardaban animales recolectados en bolsas de plástico y los dejaban durante días debajo de camas de hotel. También afirmó que el grupo manipulaba a los animales de manera cruel para conseguir sus impactantes fotografías. Las acusaciones alimentaron un debate sobre si algunos entusiastas de la herpetología estaban usando “la investigación científica como excusa para poder obtener la fotografía”, dice Bertner.

Skip slideshow
A snake with dark red, orange, black and green markings.
La serpiente caracolera de DiCaprio (Sibon irmelindicaprioae) es una de las tres docenas de especies descritas por el herpetólogo Alejandro Arteaga y sus colegas. Esta serpiente no venenosa, que habita los bosques del este de Panamá y el oeste de Colombia, fue nombrada en honor al actor Leonardo DiCaprio y su madre, Irmelin Indenbirken.Iván Lau/iNaturalist
An orange snake with darker orange and green markings and a forked tongue.
Bothriechis nigroadspersus es una víbora de pestañas, un grupo de serpientes conocido por las distintivas escamas sobre los ojos. Estas serpientes se encuentran a lo largo de Mesoamérica.William Lamar
A green snake with dark red and orange markings.
La víbora de pestañas Bothriechis nigroadspersus puede presentar una gran variedad de coloraciones, incluida una variante verde.William Lamar
A yellow-orange snake.
Algunas variantes de la víbora de pestañas Bothriechis nigroadspersus son amarillas.William Lamar
An anole with a very long nose.
El lagarto de Pinocho (Anolis proboscis), también conocido como anolis cornudo ecuatoriano, fue descubierto por primera vez en 1953, pero los investigadores no volvieron a documentar otro avistamiento hasta 2004. La especie está catalogada como amenazada por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza.Melvin Grey/NPL/Minden Pictures
A small tree frog on a leaf.
La rana de lluvia nocturna Pristimantis mindo habita los bosques nublados del noroeste de Ecuador. El herpetólogo Alejandro Arteaga y sus colegas describieron la especie en 2013.John Sullivan/iNaturalist
A tree frog on a leaf.
La rana de lluvia de Buenaventura (Pristimantis buenaventura) es una especie de rana ladrona, conocida por saltarse la etapa de renacuajo y salir directamente de los huevos como ranas completamente formadas. Descubierta en la reserva ecológica Buenaventura, en el sur de Ecuador, la especie fue descrita por el herpetólogo Alejandro Arteaga y sus colegas en 2016.timboyok/iNaturalist



 
 

Arteaga reconoce que algunos animales fueron manipulados de manera brusca y asegura que el equipo de Tropical Herping era joven y estaba intentando producir las mejores fotografías posibles. También sostiene que la controversia tuvo un efecto constructivo, pues provocó “un cambio radical” en la manera en que él y otros miembros de la comunidad herpetológica ecuatoriana fotografían especímenes silvestres, una actividad que asegura haber dejado atrás. Pero califica las acusaciones de Ecominga como “una absoluta ridiculez”. Según él, las denuncias surgieron de científicos de la junta directiva de la fundación que no querían competir con él en la carrera académica por describir nuevas especies, y las versiones fueron distorsionándose a medida que se propagaban. Algunos incluso sostenían que “yo colaboraba con traficantes de animales silvestres”, dice. “Hasta el día de hoy no entiendo cómo ni dónde nació ese rumor”.

Con el tiempo, el trabajo en Tropical Herping hizo que Arteaga se diera cuenta de que ser guía de ecoturismo “no era lo mío”, dice. “Hay que ser más paciente, más extrovertido y tener mejores habilidades sociales”. En 2023 pasó a un nuevo proyecto y fundó la organización de conservación Khamai Foundation.

Desde entonces, el perfil público de Arteaga no ha hecho más que crecer. En redes sociales, las fotografías donde aparece manipulando serpientes de colores brillantes y recorriendo bosques le han ganado una audiencia cada vez mayor. Publicó su tercer libro, una exhaustiva guía sobre los reptiles de Ecuador, además de una serie de artículos científicos describiendo algunas de las 36 nuevas especies que asegura haber descubierto. Y en 2024, el prestigioso Explorers Club de Nueva York lo incluyó en su lista de “50 personas extraordinarias que están realizando un trabajo sobresaliente para promover la ciencia”. En un ensayo publicado junto al reconocimiento, Arteaga escribió: “Encaro cada día como si fuera una misión: salvar y descubrir tantas especies como sea posible, mientras inspiro a otros a emprender un camino similar”.

La trayectoria de Arteaga ha dejado a muchos herpetólogos más inquietos que inspirados. Las dudas sobre su integridad científica persisten y varios investigadores apuntan a tres episodios recientes.

Una mañana de marzo de 2025, Arteaga entregó al Vivarium de Quito, un pequeño zoológico y centro de investigación dedicado a reptiles, frascos con especímenes de 183 lagartijas recolectadas en Ecuador. La legislación ecuatoriana exige que los investigadores cuenten con permisos de colecta y transporte para este tipo de especímenes y que los depositen en una colección reconocida. Pero María Elena Barragán, directora del vivarium y herpetóloga, comenzó a inquietarse porque la documentación que acompañaba a los ejemplares parecía incompleta. Sus preocupaciones aumentaron, dice, después de que Arteaga evitara responder con claridad preguntas sobre los permisos durante una llamada telefónica. Temiendo que los frascos se hubieran convertido en “una bomba de tiempo”, notificó el problema al Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador. Para su sorpresa y angustia, un funcionario le dijo que el simple hecho de almacenar los especímenes podía ponerla en problemas legales, dejándola ansiosa y atemorizada. “Estoy cayendo en depresión”, dijo a Science a finales de 2025. (El Ministerio del Ambiente no respondió a una solicitud de comentarios.)

La angustia de Barragán resultaba familiar para el personal del museo de zoología de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ). En diciembre de 2023, dicen, dudas similares sobre permisos llevaron al museo a rechazar una solicitud de Arteaga para almacenar cinco especímenes de serpientes del género Ninia, conocidas como “serpientes cafetaleras” porque suelen encontrarse en plantaciones de café. Diego Cisneros, director del museo de la USFQ, afirma que los especímenes sin la documentación correspondiente están “fuera del marco de la legalidad” y podrían exponer a toda la institución a sanciones.

Sin embargo, apenas unos días después, Arteaga y un colega publicaron en Evolutionary Systematics un artículo anunciando el descubrimiento de una nueva especie de Ninia. El trabajo señalaba que uno de los especímenes analizados estaba depositado en la USFQ. Pero al revisar el artículo, el personal del museo descubrió que los números de identificación de los especímenes mencionados en la investigación —códigos únicos considerados esenciales en la taxonomía moderna— no coincidían con ninguna serpiente cafetalera de su colección.

Hasta el día de hoy, dice Cisneros, el supuesto espécimen nunca ha aparecido. El curador informó la discrepancia al Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador. El museo presentó una segunda denuncia el año pasado, cuando supo que Arteaga afirmaba haber recolectado las lagartijas que quería depositar en el Vivarium de Quito bajo un permiso otorgado en colaboración con la USFQ. Eso no podía ser cierto, escribió el personal del museo, porque la colaboración con Arteaga había terminado en 2023.

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Me di cuenta demasiado tarde de hasta dónde era capaz de llegar
  • Juan Guayasamín
  • Universidad San Francisco de Quito

El tercer episodio involucra un artículo que Arteaga publicó en Evolutionary Systematics en 2024 y que recibió una amplia atención mediática. El estudio describía cinco nuevas especies de víboras de pestañas, serpientes venenosas de Centro y Sudamérica conocidas por sus colores brillantes y por las escamas sobre sus ojos que parecen pestañas. El artículo casi duplicó el número de especies conocidas de este grupo. Pero se basó en gran medida en análisis de ADN mitocondrial, una técnica que muchos investigadores consideran insuficiente para diferenciar de manera confiable especies estrechamente relacionadas. Si métodos similares se aplicaran a humanos, dice William Lamar, herpetólogo de la Universidad de Texas en Tyler, “nuestros padres y abuelos serían considerados nuevas especies de Homo sapiens”.

Las dudas sobre los métodos del artículo llevaron a Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, herpetólogo independiente, a reanalizar los datos. En octubre de 2024 publicó un estudio en Herpetozoa cuestionando las nuevas especies de Arteaga. Él y otros investigadores criticaron el trabajo por contribuir a un problema conocido como inflación taxonómica, es decir, la división de especies ya conocidas en múltiples especies nuevas cuya validez puede ser dudosa. El problema no solo contamina la literatura científica y genera desorden en los inventarios nacionales de biodiversidad, dicen los investigadores, sino que además obliga a los científicos a invertir tiempo y recursos limitados en intentar corregir el registro científico.

Las preocupaciones no son únicamente académicas, añaden los críticos. La inflación taxonómica puede provocar un desperdicio de fondos de conservación al hacer que ciertas especies parezcan raras o amenazadas cuando en realidad forman parte de poblaciones más amplias y saludables. Incluso puede tener consecuencias graves para personas mordidas por serpientes venenosas. Los médicos que atienden estos casos deben administrar antivenenos específicos para cada especie, de modo que la confusión sobre la identidad de una serpiente podría derivar en una equivocación fatal.

Dadas las implicaciones que esto puede tener en el mundo real, utilizar métodos cuestionados para identificar nuevas especies “es decepcionante”, dice David Hillis, biólogo evolutivo de la Universidad de Texas en Austin, quien ha criticado lo que considera un uso excesivo de métodos basados en ADN mitocondrial para describir nuevas especies de reptiles y anfibios. “Parece que la gente quiere llamar la atención sobre sus estudios creando nuevos nombres”.

Arteaga acepta responsabilidad por algunos de sus errores. Admite, por ejemplo, que no siguió los procedimientos correctos para numerar los especímenes al publicar el artículo sobre las serpientes cafetaleras. También concede que el estudio de ADN mitocondrial sobre las víboras de pestañas “no es perfecto, las interpretaciones no son perfectas”. Pero señala que el método es de bajo costo, lo que lo vuelve accesible para investigadores en un país con recursos limitados como Ecuador, y asegura estar satisfecho de que haya ayudado a llamar la atención sobre estas serpientes.

En el caso del Vivarium de Quito, Arteaga atribuye la disputa a un tecnicismo administrativo, aunque lamenta haber roto relaciones con Barragán, una de las pocas curadoras en Ecuador con quien aún mantenía una buena relación. También responsabiliza a herpetólogos consolidados del país por muchos de sus problemas, y asegura que quieren “neutralizar” su carrera. Se considera a sí mismo un “rebelde”, dice, enfrentado a científicos más interesados en engrosar sus currículums que en describir y salvar la biodiversidad. Según Arteaga, algunos curadores de museos con los que trabajó al inicio de su carrera le exigían agregar sus nombres como coautores en artículos sobre nuevas especies a cambio de permitirle acceso a las colecciones, incluso cuando no habían contribuido a la investigación. “Ponen excusas [para bloquear el acceso] hasta que se les ofrece coautoría”, dice.

Las tensiones entre investigadores y curadores existen desde hace tiempo en Ecuador, dicen científicos que trabajan en el país. Pero “la mayoría de los biólogos en Ecuador tienen buenas relaciones entre sí, somos profesionales”, dice el herpetólogo Juan Guayasamín, quien durante la última década fue mentor y amigo cercano de Arteaga. Pero Arteaga, dice, terminó convencido de que los curadores y colegas estaban intentando perjudicar su carrera.

Por su parte, Arteaga considera que algunos de sus problemas relacionados con permisos, como no entregar la documentación completa de ciertos especímenes, son una forma de resistencia. “Es mi manera de expresar mi desacuerdo con cómo se hacen las cosas”, dice, al sostener que esas “formalidades” burocráticas “frenan el avance de la ciencia” y complican innecesariamente los esfuerzos de conservación. Espera que su postura provoque una discusión entre herpetólogos sobre cuáles deberían ser sus verdaderas prioridades. Mientras tanto, promete que “no me voy a doblegar”, incluso si eso implica enfrentar sanciones por parte de agencias gubernamentales o instituciones académicas en Ecuador. “Si voy a ser la primera cabeza en caer… bueno”.

Y descarta las preocupaciones de que esté contribuyendo a la inflación taxonómica. “Puede sonar trivial”, dice Arteaga, pero nombrar una nueva especie “me facilita a mí y a las organizaciones de conservación conseguir recursos para protegerla”. Varias especies de ranas que ha descrito, por ejemplo, fueron posteriormente reconocidas como amenazadas por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, un paso que con frecuencia resulta clave para obtener apoyo.

Las acciones de Arteaga tampoco han caído bien entre otros investigadores. Muchos se han distanciado de él, en parte por temor a que sus controversias terminen afectando sus propias carreras. “Se está aislando”, dice Guayasamín.

Para Guayasamín, quien fue mentor de Arteaga durante años después de que fuera vetado de la PUCE y trabajó con él en Tropical Herping, la controversia de las serpientes cafetaleras en 2023 marcó un punto de quiebre. Guayasamín dice que comenzó a preocuparse por el comportamiento de Arteaga mientras colaboraban en una guía de campo de las Islas Galápagos publicada en 2019. En ese entonces atribuyó los problemas al entusiasmo juvenil y la inexperiencia. Pero el episodio de las Ninia lo hizo replantearse todo y finalmente romper relaciones con él. “Me di cuenta demasiado tarde de hasta dónde era capaz de llegar”, dice Guayasamín. “Alejandro no entiende que hacer ciencia implica seguir las reglas básicas del juego. Es como si viviera en una realidad paralela”.

Arteaga tenía ya pocos defensores a finales de 2024, cuando presentó su plan para subastar los derechos de nombramiento de nuevas especies con el fin de financiar el Arteaga’s Species Discovery Fund. El fondo, lanzado junto a Rosalía Arteaga, expresidenta de Ecuador y además tía abuela de Arteaga, busca recaudar 10 millones de dólares para apoyar a 100 taxónomos menores de 35 años. Los investigadores recibirán becas de entre 2.000 y 10.000 dólares para ayudarlos a descubrir nuevas especies alrededor del mundo.

Arteaga señala que otras organizaciones en Ecuador, incluida Ecominga, también se han beneficiado de campañas de recaudación similares. Sin embargo, otros investigadores tenían profundas reservas. Lamar, por ejemplo, sostiene que, aunque conseguir financiamiento para la taxonomía es un problema real, “llenar de homenajes cuestionablemente justificados a ricos y famosos no es una manera inteligente de combatirlo”.

Esas objeciones terminaron convenciendo a Arteaga de abandonar la idea. “La comunidad taxonómica latinoamericana no está lista para esta idea”, dice. En su lugar, el sitio web ahora promete que los donantes serán reconocidos en cualquier publicación científica, comunicado de prensa o documental que resulte del proyecto y que incluso podrían tener una especie nombrada en su honor “a discreción exclusiva de los autores”.

Aun así, considera que haber dado marcha atrás fue una oportunidad perdida. El financiamiento para la taxonomía y la conservación en Ecuador “es un chiste”, dice, y las subastas de nombres podrían ayudar a llenar ese vacío. “Es eso”, afirma, “o la especie no se describe y no se salva”.

Sin embargo, algunos de sus antiguos colegas ven ese tipo de predicciones fatalistas como algo conveniente para sus propios intereses y, además, contraproducente. La investigación avanza a través de la colaboración y “la ciencia y la conservación siempre van de la mano”, dice Guayasamín. Pero “si una pierde credibilidad, toda la estructura se derrumba”.

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Murder, monsters, occupational hazards: Why movie geologists die so often

From ScienceMag:

As an asteroid hurtles toward Earth in the 1998 movie Armageddon, a geologist teams up with a veteran oil rig team on a desperate mission: Land on the space rock, drill into its surface, and detonate a nuclear bomb deep inside. They succeed, but the geologist, played by Steve Buscemi, is one of few who make it home alive.

According to a new study of movie geologists, he was lucky. Out of 202 movie geologists found in 141 movies released between 1919 and 2023, 69 die on screen or are found dead—a mortality rate of about one-third, according to a paper published last month in Geology Today. The authors, several geologists–slash–movie buffs, began their analysis more than a decade ago and have provided regular updates, although this is the first in a scientific journal.

To qualify for the catalog, a movie had to feature someone explicitly identified as a geologist on screen. Most appeared in adventure, action, drama, or science fiction movies. The earliest films they found featuring geologists were often Westerns, where many characters were prospecting for oil. More recent films focus on natural disasters, monsters, and extraterrestrial threats.

Murder was found to be the leading cause of the fictional geologists’ deaths, responsible for 30 of the fatalities. Geological hazards, including falling into a crater and drowning in quicksand, accounted for another 12 deaths, tied with those involving aliens—the massive worms in the Tremors movies are thought to have come from off planet although the star geologists survive in those flicks. In a one-off case, a geologist in 1971’s Walkabout commits suicide after reading a textbook in the Australian outback. The authors note that they “hope this does not provoke demands for warning texts on structural geology textbooks!”

The risks of being a film geologist

Here’s how 69 fictional geologists died, according to an analysis of 141 movies.

How fictional geologists died in movies - chart
C. Bickel/Science

Despite the cinematic death rate, film geologists are generally portrayed in a positive light—85% were classified by the paper’s authors as morally “good” characters, and 19% perform heroic acts. The new analysis also notes the scientists are most often portrayed by white men, mirroring demographic imbalances in real-life geology. Only 22 of the 202 onscreen geologists were women, although this representation improved after the 1990s. The researchers found just six Black geologists and none of Asian, Indian, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic descent.

The authors suggest cinematic geologists are emblematic of changing cultural concerns over time, from oil exploration and Cold War fears to environmental catastrophes. Across the decades, though, geologists on the big screen are consistently portrayed as scientifically competent, often heroic, and usually doomed.

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